一、中文简介
马丁·路德·金（英语：Martin Luther King, Jr.，1929年1月15日－1968年4月4日）是一位美国牧师、社会运动者、人权主义者和非裔美国人民权运动领袖马丁路德金英文名，也是1964年诺贝尔和平奖得主。他主张以非暴力的公民抗命方法争取非裔美国人的基本权利，而成为美国渐进主义的象征。
马丁·路德·金出生时名为麦可·金（Michael King），他的父亲为了纪念16世纪欧洲宗教改革领袖马丁·路德而将他改名为小马丁·路德·金。身为一位浸信会牧师，金在他职业生涯早期就已开始投入民权运动，曾领导1955年联合抵制蒙哥马利公车运动，并在1957年协助建立南方基督教领袖会议（SCLC）。担任SCLC首任主席期间，金曾在1962年于乔治亚州奥尔巴尼发起反种族隔离抗争，但失败。不过，他在阿拉巴马州伯明翰组织的非暴力抗议行动则成为全美新闻焦点，与粗暴的警方恰成对比。1963年，金发起“向华盛顿进军”行动，在林肯纪念堂前发表《我有一个梦想》演讲，成为美国历史上最负名望的演说家。金的左派激进思想使他成为美国联邦调查局“反谍计划”的监控对象之一，后者怀疑金可能与共产主义有关。联邦调查局曾查出金恩的婚外情记录，并向美国政府汇报，然后再向金寄出匿名信，意图以此逼他自杀。
金过世后，1977年，美国前总统杰拉尔德·福特向他追赠总统自由勋章；2004年，美国国会决议向金追赠国会金质奖章，两者都是美国平民最高荣誉。1986年，每年一月的第三个星期一被定为“马丁·路德·金纪念日”，是美国联邦假日之一。另有数百条街道以金恩命名。2011年，位在华盛顿特区国家广场上的马丁·路德·金恩纪念碑正式开放给公众参观。
二、英文简介
Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968), was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia (the Albany Movement), and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.
On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, and the following year he and SCLC took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include poverty and speak against the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled "Beyond Vietnam".
In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities. Allegations that James Earl Ray, the man convicted of killing King, had been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for decades after the shooting.
King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.
